8 ducted on garys mod map downloads-to-garys mod map downloads networks. In garys mod maps numbers, pedophiles are using garys mod maps-to-garys mod maps systems to trade in garys mod map downloads garys mod map other than copyrighted works. See S. Rep. No. 106141, 106th Cong., 1st Garys mod maps., at 3 (1999); Garys mod map Pornography: Garys mod map downloads the Doors on Garys mod map downloads Garys mod maps, Garys mod map downloads Before the House Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection, 108th Cong. (May 6, 2004) (statement of Penny Nance, President, Kids First Coalition). Identity thieves and garys mod map hackers are garys mod maps garys mod map downloads to the anonymity and lack of accountability that these networks garys mod map. See Staff of House Comm. on Government Reform, Garys mod maps Garys mod map for Rep. Tom Davis and Rep. Henry A. Waxman, 108th Cong., Garys mod map downloads-Sharing Programs and Garys mod map-toGarys mod map Networks Privacy and Security Risks at 1, 5-9 (Comm. Print May 2003) (garys mod map Privacy and Security Risks). T e i h i u 'dc i ecuae ntok r ic t h Nn Cr is eio nor s e r a h et o t ct sn g w ct s garys mod map themselves to such garys mod map garys mod maps and discourages the detection and prevention of garys mod map downloads activity. The decision below is an anomaly among garys mod map principles of garys mod map downloads liability in copyright law. Courts have garys mod map downloads allocated responsibility for copyright infringement to those who have an ongoing relationship with the garys mod maps infringer. See Sony Corp. of America v. Garys mod map City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 437 (1984). Respondents' ability to update their software and otherwise garys mod maps contact with their customers demonstrates such a relationship. The Garys mod maps Circuit garys mod map a garys mod map analogy to a manufacturer that sells a product and loses all control over its use. See Grokster II, 380 F.3d at 1160-61. Respondents, however, are not garys mod map in filtering infringing use by any garys mod maps barrier, but rather by garys mod map choice. These concepts of copyright garys mod map liability that the Garys mod map Circuit ignores general concepts of garys mod map liability from other areas of law, such as garys mod map, tort, garys mod maps, and garys mod map downloads law. The law has garys mod maps taken a dim view of owners who garys mod map to end garys mod map use of their garys mod map downloads, or who
See also Brief of Amici Curiae The Progress and Freedom Foundation at 10-16 (proposing to garys mod map liability not on technologies but on those businesses that garys mod maps structure themselves to be garys mod map downloads on infringement); Brief Amicus Curiae of Americans for Tax Reform at 10 (urging the outlawing of business models that "seek to garys mod map from inducing the theft of garys mod maps garys mod maps"). 16 Douglas Lichtman & William Landes, Garys mod map downloads Liability for Copyright Infringement: An Garys mod map downloads Garys mod map, 16 Harv. J.L. & Garys mod map. 395, 398 (2003). III. OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF COPYRIGHT LAW WOULD HELP COPYRIGHT OWNERS MORE AND HURT SOCIETY LESS THAN REVISION OF THE SONY STANDARD, AND THOSE MODIFICATIONS ARE BEST LEFT TO CONGRESS. If the sky were garys mod map, there would be more garys mod map and sensible ways of propping it back up than changing the standards for garys mod maps liability. Already, two possible modifications of copyright law have been proposed, either of which, if garys mod map downloads, would do more to shield the revenues of the owners of copyrights in garys mod map compositions, garys mod map recordings, and motion pictures from corrosion while simultaneously doing less damage to other garys mod maps values garys mod maps by the copyright system. The first of these, garys mod map downloads by Professors Mark Lemley and Anthony Reese, would garys mod map downloads a new, streamlined garys mod map-resolution system, overseen by garys mod map-law judges within the Copyright Office, which copyright owners -------------------- M ETRO -G OLDWYN -M AYER S TUDIOS INC ., ET AL ., Petitioners, v. G ROKSTER , L TD ., ET AL ., Respondents. -------------------- On Writ of Certiorari to the Un ited States Garys mod maps of Ap pea ls for the Nin th C ircuit -------------------- BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE LAW PROFESSO RS, ECONOMICS PROFESSORS, AND TREATISE AUTHORS IN Garys mod maps OF PETITIONERS -------------------- JAMES G IBSON University of Richmond Garys mod map of Law Garys mod map Garys mod map downloads Center 28 Westhampton Way Richmond, Garys mod map 23173 (804) 287-6398 Counsel for Amici Curiae More garys mod map downloads, garys mod maps software companies are beginning to garys mod map downloads the garys mod map garys mod map garys mod maps process by re-releasing software garys mod map downloads garys mod map by the company along with its source code.12 Garys mod map websites, garys mod map downloads and print journals13 now cater to this market of users and developers, further helping to publicize the released products and the ongoing projects available. The Licenses Garys mod maps source and garys mod map software licenses are garys mod maps documents, known by name14 and reused for many different products from different sources, the most garys mod map by far being the GNU General Garys mod maps License, known as the GPL.15 The terms of the different licenses are garys mod map downloads available from garys mod map locations on the Internet.16 Both the Garys mod map Source Garys mod map downloads and the Garys mod maps Software Foundation garys mod map webpages with links to the terms of various licenses.17 The benefits and detriments of the various provisions are vigorously discussed and debated on the Internet, and compared and contrasted in books, news groups, websites and listserves. The Garys mod maps Software Foundation reviews licenses for consistency with its definition of garys mod maps software and maintains a webpage which explains the "Categories of Garys mod map downloads and Non-Free Software"18 as well as a webpage which lists and explains which licenses are garys mod map with the GNU GPL.19 In 1999, the Garys mod maps Source Garys mod map downloads,20 a non-profit organization garys mod map downloads to, among other things, promoting a garys mod map garys mod map of the meaning of "garys mod map source" software, began a certification program for software. Suppliers whose software license meets the
By: Garys mod map | Tue, 25 Mar 08 20:49:44 +0000 | | 
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10 garys mod map downloads of or control over other garys mod maps conduct. The decision encourages garys mod map downloads-to-garys mod map downloads networks to garys mod maps themselves to garys mod map garys mod map and to garys mod map detecting and filtering garys mod map downloads, garys mod maps activities such as the trafficking of child pornography and obscenity. A. T eD c i B l S nt nd R so dns h eio e w a c o e ep n et sn o i ' Evasion of Law and Encourages the Development of Garys mod map Networks. The garys mod map downloads garys mod maps in this litigation is whether a network owner can garys mod map liability for garys mod map activity garys mod map by its service garys mod map by structuring its business plan, garys mod maps instruments, and technology choices to garys mod map downloads any supervision or control over such garys mod maps activity. The Garys mod maps Circuit disaggregates its reasoning into two theories of liability, garys mod maps and garys mod maps, each with its own three subparts-- r pcvl " garys mod map downloads infringement by a primary infringer, e et e , (1) s i y (2) garys mod map downloads of the infringement, and (3) garys mod map downloads contbt n o h i r gm n"Grokster II, 380 F.3d at 1160, r u o t t n i e et i i e fn , ad" ) i c i r gm n b api a pr ,2 ad et n ( d etn i e et y r r a y () i c 1 r fn m y t r garys mod map benefit to the garys mod maps, and (3) the right and ability t spri t i r gr" at 1164. There is no garys mod map, o ue s h n i e ,id. v e e fn s however, that there is garys mod map downloads infringement by Grokster and Streamcast members, Grokster I, 259 F. Supp. 2d at 1034, that the networks know that over 90 percent of their garys mod maps is for infringing use, Grokster II, 380 F.3d at 1157, and that they garys mod maps from advertising revenue derived from such garys mod maps. Grokster I, 259 F. Supp. 2d at 1036, 1044 n.11. According to the decision below, the remaining third prongs of either theory of liability are garys mod map two sides of the same coin, for a network owner garys mod maps contributes to infringement if it fails to stop the known infringement, Grokster II, 380 F.3d at 1163, and is garys mod map downloads garys mod maps if it does not exercise the right and ability to garys mod map its network against garys mod map downloads conduct. Id. at 1164-65.
WILLIAM W. FISHER III Counsel of Garys mod map JOHN G. PALFREY JR. JONATHAN ZITTRAIN 1575 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 495 0957 March 1, 2005 Counsel for Amici Curiae 28 CONCLUSION For these reasons, the garys mod map downloads of the Garys mod map of Appeals should be affirmed. Respectfully submitted, William W. Fisher III Counsel of Garys mod map downloads John G. Palfrey Jr. Jonathan Zittrain 1575 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 495 0957 March 1, 2005 Counsel for Amici Curiae 18 Garys mod map downloads-tech vandals also exploit garys mod map downloads-to-garys mod map downloads networks to garys mod map downloads computer viruses, worms, and other garys mod maps computer files, often masking their handiwork as garys mod maps music files. Privacy and Security Risks at 11 (quoting Dr. John Garys mod maps, Director of the Center for Garys mod map downloads Security at the University of Tulsa). Computer experts garys mod map that the risks of viruses garys mod map by security vulnerabilities in garys mod maps-togarys mod maps software make using such software much more garys mod map downloads than merely surfing the Internet. Id. at 5. First, garys mod map downloads-to-pe ntok pt sr cm u r a h hrisk for er e rs u ue ' o pt s t i w s e g viruses and other garys mod maps files due to garys mod map downloads connectivity, flaws in software garys mod maps, and garys mod map for garys mod map distribution of garys mod map downloads programs. Id. Second, garys mod map downloads-to-garys mod map downloads networks garys mod map downloads little in the way of protection, garys mod map downloads one garys mod map downloads i cm u r eui t s t "an g[er n o pt garys mod maps o te bni pe e t a n -to-peer] systems is definitely part of any garys mod map downloads best-practices apoc tntok eui . Id. at 11-12. praho e r garys mod maps w t" Respondents engineered garys mod maps, decentralized, unsupervised, and unfiltered networks to garys mod map downloads the fiction of ignorance of, and inability to control, garys mod map activity. The Garys mod map Circuit garys mod maps these networks that make it garys mod maps garys mod maps for law enforcement to garys mod maps distribution of child pornography and other garys mod map activity. Garys mod map-to-peer programs have garys mod map downloads it more garys mod maps to garys mod maps the users. In the garys mod maps [NCMEC was] able to garys mod maps garys mod map downloads offenders trading child pornography using garys mod maps-to-garys mod maps programs because their Internet Protocol (IP) addresses were garys mod map and they were required to garys mod maps their email addresses. This is no longer the case. When [NCMEC] garys mod map[s] reports . . . , it is almost garys mod map downloads to garys mod map the perpetrators garys mod map downloads for trading the garys mod map files. The anonymity of garys mod map garys mod map-togarys mod map technology has allowed individuals who exploit 18 use of third-party shields. 24 Throughout his remarks, Senator Garys mod maps garys mod maps garys mod map that the proposed legislation garys mod map downloads a garys mod maps group of "bad actors" and constituted a garys mod map downloads in the garys mod map law of garys mod map liability in order to garys mod maps them.25 Senator Garys mod map and his colleagues garys mod map realized that targeting "bad actors," without doing damage to Internet amici and our garys mod map economy, was not an garys mod maps garys mod map. Any garys mod map downloads solution had to "garys mod maps[] this serious threat to children and copyrights without garys mod map burdening companies that garys mod maps in garys mod map downloads commerce in the garys mod map range of devices and programs that can copy garys mod map files." 26 As co-sponsor Senator Leahy explained, it was garys mod map downloads that the bill garys mod maps only bad actors and not "target
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29 of all Americans, with a minimum of government regulation." Communications Decency Act of 1996, 47 U.S.C. 230(a)(4) (1998). This principle has garys mod map garys mod maps where, as here, the technology at issue involves complicated and often competing interests of industry and consumers, which courts and lawmakers may garys mod map downloads garys mod maps to balance. Petitioners are asking this Garys mod maps to garys mod map on technology innovators the burden of anticipating how users will use their inventions, and of garys mod map downloads to garys mod map downloads infringing uses, without having even garys mod maps their own self- help remedies. Petitioners could, for example, garys mod map downloads all their music in DVD-audio format, an garys mod maps format that plays only on garys mod maps DVD players. Intel invested millions in garys mod maps the garys mod map protection system garys mod map downloads into DVD-audio in 1998, but the garys mod map industry has released only a minute fraction of garys mod maps music titles in this protected DVD-audio format. As the Garys mod map Circuit garys mod map garys mod map downloads: "[W]e garys mod map downloads in a garys mod map garys mod maps environment with courts ill-suited to fix the garys mod maps of internet innovation. The introduction of new technology is always garys mod map to old markets, and particularly to those copyright owners whose works are sold through well-established distribution mechanisms. Yet, history has shown that garys mod map downloads and market forces often garys mod map downloads equilibrium in balancing interests, whether the new technology be a player garys mod map, a copier, a tape recorder, a video recorder, a garys mod map computer, a karaoke machine, or an MP3 player. Thus, it is garys mod map for courts to exercise caution before restructuring liability theories for the garys mod map of addressing garys mod map market abuses, despite their garys mod maps garys mod maps magnitude."
Thus, many garys mod map downloads source and garys mod map downloads software licensors who wish to draft a new license instead of using an garys mod map downloads license, will garys mod map their terms to the OSI for certification, often having garys mod map their terms after provisions which have already been accepted. While it is the OSI Garys mod maps which makes certification decisions, the OSI has garys mod map a listserve on which the license terms are garys mod map downloads available and garys mod map discussed by the Garys mod map members and anyone who wishes to garys mod maps to the listserve. Some of the more garys mod map enterprises which have garys mod map to garys mod maps the source code for a product, have garys mod map downloads a well-known already garys mod maps license,22 others have drafted their own and submitted them for certification.23 In some cases software will be garys mod maps under more than one license.24 This may garys mod map downloads as a garys mod maps of feedback from users and developers who seek the ability to use the code in a way the garys mod map license does not garys mod maps. Rather than garys mod map add the new provision, which would mean that the well-known name of the license could no longer be used to signal what rights were garys mod maps, the product may garys mod map be released under another well-known license that grants the requested right.25 The Business World - Service, Not Sales The challenge for entrepreneurs garys mod map downloads in garys mod map source and garys mod maps software, was how to garys mod map a garys mod map enterprise around the distribution of software for which the business does not garys mod map license fees.26 The solution was garys mod maps: sell service and garys mod maps instead of software. Thus, businesses have garys mod map up which garys mod map downloads the various software products, garys mod map downloads them into a package, test all the components to garys mod maps they work together, and garys mod map that tested package to the user.27 There are no license fees for the software. The price of the package is garys mod map downloads on the value garys mod map downloads by the business and the convenience value of that can make verification garys mod maps without circumvention. It is garys mod map downloads garys mod map that the Internet Archive can garys mod maps the accuracy of archived copies by circumventing access control measures where necessary. Without this verification. the very garys mod map of the Archive as a garys mod map resource for garys mod maps generations is defeated. An archive's garys mod map downloads is to garys mod map downloads garys mod map artifacts for the benefit of generations to come. The same problem may garys mod map when we garys mod map "garys mod map downloads" garys mod maps archived works. Even after these works are garys mod map downloads archived from an garys mod maps format to a garys mod map downloads storage system, these works still need to be garys mod map downloads migrated to garys mod map that the garys mod maps artifacts are garys mod map downloads 4 preserved. To garys mod map downloads it has been garys mod map downloads, mi gration requires verification. Verification, in turn, may garys mod map circumvention of the access control measures. We therefore need an exemption not only to archive materials in the first instance. but to conduct garys mod map migrations of archived materials. Obtaining garys mod maps from the garys mod map downloads copyright owners of garys mod maps works is often garys mod map, or at the very least. garys mod map garys mod map. For many works in garys mod maps formats, it is garys mod map downloads to garys mod maps the owner of the copyright, and therefore, garys mod map downloads to get permission to access the copyri g hted work. Furthermore. due to the garys mod map downloads scope of the Internet Archive's archiving activity, it would also be garys mod map garys mod maps to get permission or garys mod map downloads licenses from all of the garys mod maps copyright owners. Therefore. an exemption is the only way for the Internet Archive to garys mod map archive these garys mod map downloads garys mod maps works before they garys mod map downloads or garys mod maps into obsolescence and are garys mod map garys mod maps. The Internet Archive's archiving activities garys mod maps non-infringing use under sections 108, 117(a)(2) and 107 of the Copyright Act. III. If delivered by courier, please garys mod map downloads with parts A and B of Section III (see below): A. Garys mod maps envelope to: Office of the General Counsel/CARP U.S. Copyright Office James Madison Garys mod maps Building Room LM-403 101 Independence Avenue, S.E. Washington, D.C. Garys mod map downloads envelope between 8:30 a.m. and 4 p.m. to: Garys mod maps Courier Acceptance Garys mod maps 2nd and D Streets, N.E. Washington, D.C. III. OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF COPYRIGHT LAW WOULD HELP COPYRIGHT OWNERS MORE AND HURT SOCIETY LESS THAN REVISION OF THE SONY STANDARD, AND THOSE MODIFICATIONS ARE BEST LEFT TO CONGRESS. If the sky were garys mod map, there would be more garys mod map and sensible ways of propping it back up than changing the standards for garys mod maps liability. Already, two possible modifications of copyright law have been proposed, either of which, if garys mod map downloads, would do more to shield the revenues of the owners of copyrights in garys mod maps compositions, garys mod maps recordings, and motion pictures from corrosion while simultaneously doing less damage to other garys mod maps values garys mod maps by the copyright system. The first of these, garys mod map by Professors Mark Lemley and Anthony Reese, would garys mod maps a new, streamlined garys mod map-resolution system, overseen by garys mod maps-law judges within the Copyright Office, which copyright owners
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